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In general, information available as of 1 January 2003 was used in the preparation of The World Factbook 2003. This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003
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| Introduction | Sweden | Top of Page
Background: | A military power during the 17th century, Sweden has not participated in any war in almost two centuries. An armed neutrality was preserved in both World Wars. Sweden's long-successful economic formula of a capitalist system interlarded with substantial welfare elements was challenged in the 1990s by high unemployment, rising maintenance costs, and a declining position in world markets. Indecision over the country's role in the political and economic integration of Europe delayed Sweden's entry into the EU until 1995, and waived the introduction of the euro in 1999.
| Geography | Sweden | Top of Page
Location: | Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, Kattegat, and Skagerrak, between Finland and Norway
Geographic coordinates: | 62 00 N, 15 00 E
Map references: | Europe
Area: | total: 449,964 sq km water: 39,030 sq km land: 410,934 sq km
Area - comparative: | slightly larger than California
Land boundaries: | total: 2,205 km border countries: Finland 586 km, Norway 1,619 km
Coastline: | 3,218 km
Maritime claims: | continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: agreed boundaries or midlines territorial sea: 12 NM (adjustments made to return a portion of straits to high seas)
Climate: | temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly cloudy summers; subarctic in north
Terrain: | mostly flat or gently rolling lowlands; mountains in west
Elevation extremes: | lowest point: reclaimed bay of Lake Hammarsjon, near Kristianstad -2.41 m highest point: Kebnekaise 2,111 m
Natural resources: | zinc, iron ore, lead, copper, silver, timber, uranium, hydropower
Land use: | arable land: 6.8% permanent crops: 0% other: 93.2% (1998 est.)
Irrigated land: | 1,150 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards: | ice floes in the surrounding waters, especially in the Gulf of Bothnia, can interfere with maritime traffic
Environment - current issues: | acid rain damage to soils and lakes; pollution of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea
Environment - international agreements: | party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Geography - note: | strategic location along Danish Straits linking Baltic and North Seas
| People | Sweden | Top of Page
Population: | 8,878,085 (July 2003 est.)
Age structure: | 0-14 years: 17.7% (male 804,296; female 763,213) 15-64 years: 65% (male 2,933,183; female 2,835,835) 65 years and over: 17.3% (male 654,575; female 886,983) (2003 est.)
Median age: | total: 40.1 years male: 39 years female: 41.4 years (2002)
Population growth rate: | 0.01% (2003 est.)
Birth rate: | 9.71 births/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Death rate: | 10.58 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Net migration rate: | 1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Sex ratio: | at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.74 male(s)/female total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2003 est.)
Infant mortality rate: | total: 3.42 deaths/1,000 live births female: 2.96 deaths/1,000 live births (2003 est.) male: 3.86 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth: | total population: 79.97 years male: 77.31 years female: 82.78 years (2003 est.)
Total fertility rate: | 1.54 children born/woman (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: | 0.1% (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: | 3,300 (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths: | less than 100 (2001 est.)
Nationality: | noun: Swede(s) adjective: Swedish
Ethnic groups: | indigenous population: Swedes and Finnish and Sami minorities; foreign-born or first-generation immigrants: Finns, Yugoslavs, Danes, Norwegians, Greeks, Turks
Religions: | Lutheran 87%, Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Baptist, Muslim, Jewish, Buddhist
Languages: | Swedish note: small Sami- and Finnish-speaking minorities
Literacy: | definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 99% (1979 est.) male: NA% female: NA%
| Government | Sweden | Top of Page
Country name: | conventional long form: Kingdom of Sweden conventional short form: Sweden local short form: Sverige local long form: Konungariket Sverige
Government type: | constitutional monarchy
Capital: | Stockholm
Administrative divisions: | 21 counties (lan, singular and plural); Blekinge, Dalarnas, Gavleborgs, Gotlands, Hallands, Jamtlands, Jonkopings, Kalmar, Kronobergs, Norrbottens, Orebro, Ostergotlands, Skane, Sodermanlands, Stockholms, Uppsala, Varmlands, Vasterbottens, Vasternorrlands, Vastmanlands, Vastra Gotalands
Independence: | 6 June 1523 (Gustav VASA elected king)
National holiday: | Flag Day, 6 June
Constitution: | 1 January 1975
Legal system: | civil law system influenced by customary law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Suffrage: | 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: | chief of state: King CARL XVI GUSTAF (since 19 September 1973); Heir Apparent Princess VICTORIA Ingrid Alice Desiree, daughter of the monarch (born 14 July 1977) head of government: Prime Minister Goran PERSSON (since 21 March 1996) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister elections: the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative elections, the prime minister is elected by the Parliament; election last held 15 September 2002 (next to be held NA September 2006) election results: Goran PERSSON reelected prime minister with 131 out of 349 votes
Legislative branch: | unicameral Parliament or Riksdag (349 seats; members are elected by popular vote on a proportional representation basis to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 15 September 2002 (next to be held NA September 2006) election results: percent of vote by party - Social Democrats 39.8%, Moderates 15.2%, Liberal Party 13.3%, Christian Democrats 9.1%, Left Party 8.3%, Center Party 6.1%, Greens 4.6%; seats by party - Social Democrats 144, Moderates 55, Liberal Party 48, Christian Democrats 33, Left Party 30, Center Party 22, Greens 17
Judicial branch: | Supreme Court or Hogsta Domstolen (judges are appointed by the prime minister and the cabinet)
Political parties and leaders: | Center Party [Maud OLOFSSON]; Christian Democratic Party [Alf SVENSSON]; Green Party [no formal leader but party spokespersons are Maria WETTERSTRAND and Peter ERIKSSON]; Left Party or VP (formerly Communist) [Ulla HOFFMAN (acting)]; Liberal People's Party [Lars LEIJONBORG]; Moderate Party (conservative) [Fredrik REINFELDT]; Social Democratic Party [Goran PERSSON]
Political pressure groups and leaders: | NA
International organization participation: | AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, G- 6, G- 9, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MONUC, NAM (guest), NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNITAR, UNMEE, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNMISET, UNMOGIP, UNOMIG, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WEU (observer), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Jan ELIASSON consulate(s) general: Los Angeles and New York FAX: [1] (202) 467-2699 telephone: [1] (202) 467-2600 chancery: 1501 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20005-1702
Diplomatic representation from the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Charles A. HEIMBOLD, Jr. embassy: Dag Hammarskjolds VAG 31, SE-11589 Stockholm mailing address: American Embassy Stockholm, Department of State, 5750 Stockholm Place, Washington, DC 20521-5750 (pouch) telephone: [46] (08) 783 53 00 FAX: [46] (08) 661 19 64
Flag description: | blue with a golden yellow cross extending to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)
| Economy | Sweden | Top of Page
Economy - overview: | Aided by peace and neutrality for the whole 20th century, Sweden has achieved an enviable standard of living under a mixed system of high-tech capitalism and extensive welfare benefits. It has a modern distribution system, excellent internal and external communications, and a skilled labor force. Timber, hydropower, and iron ore constitute the resource base of an economy heavily oriented toward foreign trade. Privately owned firms account for about 90% of industrial output, of which the engineering sector accounts for 50% of output and exports. Agriculture accounts for only 2% of GDP and 2% of the jobs. The government's commitment to fiscal discipline resulted in a substantial budgetary surplus in 2001, which was cut by more than half in 2002, due to the global economic slowdown, revenue declines, and spending increases. The Swedish central bank (the Riksbank) is focusing on price stability with its inflation target of 2%. Growth remained sluggish in 2003. On September 14, 2003, Swedish voters turned down entry into the euro system, concerned about the impact on democracy and sovereignty.
GDP: | purchasing power parity - $230.7 billion (2002 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: | 1.9% (2002 est.)
GDP - per capita: | purchasing power parity - $26,000 (2002 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: | agriculture: 2% industry: 29% services: 69% (2001)
Population below poverty line: | NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share: | lowest 10%: 3.7% highest 10%: 20.1% (1992)
Distribution of family income - Gini index: | 25 (1992)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): | 2.2% (2002 est.)
Labor force: | 4.4 million (2000 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: | agriculture 2%, industry 24%, services 74% (2000 est.)
Unemployment rate: | 4% (2002 est.)
Budget: | revenues: $119 billion expenditures: $110 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2001 est.)
Industries: | iron and steel, precision equipment (bearings, radio and telephone parts, armaments), wood pulp and paper products, processed foods, motor vehicles
Industrial production growth rate: | 0.9% (2002 est.)
Electricity - production: | 152.9 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - production by source: | fossil fuel: 4% hydro: 50.8% other: 2.3% (2001) nuclear: 43%
Electricity - consumption: | 134.9 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports: | 18.45 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - imports: | 11.14 billion kWh (2001)
Oil - production: | 0 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - consumption: | 328,600 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - exports: | 203,700 bbl/day (2001)
Oil - imports: | 553,100 bbl/day (2001)
Natural gas - production: | 0 cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - consumption: | 949 million cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - exports: | 0 cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - imports: | 968 million cu m (2001 est.)
Agriculture - products: | barley, wheat, sugar beets; meat, milk
Exports: | $80.6 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Exports - commodities: | machinery 35%, motor vehicles, paper products, pulp and wood, iron and steel products, chemicals
Exports - partners: | US 11.6%, Germany 10.1%, Norway 9%, UK 8.2%, Denmark 5.9%, Finland 5.6%, Netherlands 5.3%, France 5.1%, Belgium 4.7% (2002)
Imports: | $68.6 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Imports - commodities: | machinery, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, motor vehicles, iron and steel; foodstuffs, clothing
Imports - partners: | Germany 18.5%, Denmark 8.8%, UK 8.6%, Norway 8.2%, Netherlands 6.7%, France 5.4%, Finland 5.2%, US 5% (2002)
Debt - external: | $66.5 billion (1994)
Economic aid - donor: | ODA, $1.7 billion (1997)
Currency: | Swedish krona (SEK)
Currency code: | SEK
Exchange rates: | Swedish kronor per US dollar - 9.74 (2002), 10.33 (2001), 9.16 (2000), 8.26 (1999), 7.95 (1998)
Fiscal year: | calendar year
| Communications | Sweden | Top of Page
Telephones - main lines in use: | 6.017 million (December 1998)
Telephones - mobile cellular: | 3.835 million (October 1998)
Telephone system: | general assessment: excellent domestic and international facilities; automatic system domestic: coaxial and multiconductor cables carry most of the voice traffic; parallel microwave radio relay systems carry some additional telephone channels international: 5 submarine coaxial cables; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Eutelsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Sweden shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, and Norway)
Radio broadcast stations: | AM 1, FM 265, shortwave 1 (1998)
Television broadcast stations: | 169 (plus 1,299 repeaters) (1995)
Internet country code: | .se
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): | 29 (2000)
Internet users: | 6.02 million (2002)
| Transportation | Sweden | Top of Page
Railways: | total: 11,481 km standard gauge: 11,481 km 1.435-m gauge (7,527 km electrified) (2002)
Highways: | total: 212,402 km paved: 166,523 km (including 1,499 km of expressways) unpaved: 45,879 km (2000)
Waterways: | 2,052 km note: navigable to small steamers and barges
Pipelines: | gas 798 km (2003)
Ports and harbors: | Gavle, Goteborg, Halmstad, Helsingborg, Hudiksvall, Kalmar, Karlshamn, Lulea, Malmo, Solvesborg, Stockholm, Sundsvall
Merchant marine: | total: 166 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 2,329,925 GRT/1,609,986 DWT note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Denmark 8, Finland 8, Germany 3, Italy 3, Japan 2, Norway 7 (2002 est.) ships by type: bulk 5, cargo 35, chemical tanker 31, combination ore/oil 1, petroleum tanker 25, roll on/roll off 35, short-sea passenger 8, specialized tanker 5, vehicle carrier 21
Airports: | 245 (2002)
Airports - with paved runways: | total: 145 over 3,047 m: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 11 914 to 1,523 m: 24 under 914 m: 25 (2002) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 82
Airports - with unpaved runways: | total: 100 914 to 1,523 m: 10 under 914 m: 90 (2002)
Heliports: | 2 (2002)
| Military | Sweden | Top of Page
Military branches: | Army, Royal Navy (including Coast Artillery and Naval Helicopter Service), Air Force
Military manpower - military age: | 19 years of age (2003 est.)
Military manpower - availability: | males age 15-49: 2,060,044 (2003 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service: | males age 15-49: 1,800,376 (2003 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually: | males: 52,692 (2003 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure: | $4.395 billion (FY01)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: | 2.1% (FY01)
| Transnational Issues | Sweden | Top of Page
Disputes - international: | none
This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003