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In general, information available as of 1 January 2003 was used in the preparation of The World Factbook 2003. This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003
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| Introduction | Trinidad and Tobago | Top of Page
Background: | The islands came under British control in the 19th century; independence was granted in 1962. The country is one of the most prosperous in the Caribbean, thanks largely to petroleum and natural gas production and processing. Tourism, mostly in Tobago, is targeted for expansion and is growing.
| Geography | Trinidad and Tobago | Top of Page
Location: | Caribbean, islands between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, northeast of Venezuela
Geographic coordinates: | 11 00 N, 61 00 W
Map references: | Central America and the Caribbean
Area: | total: 5,128 sq km land: 5,128 sq km water: 0 sq km
Area - comparative: | slightly smaller than Delaware
Land boundaries: | 0 km
Coastline: | 362 km
Maritime claims: | measured from claimed archipelagic baselines exclusive economic zone: 200 NM territorial sea: 12 NM continental shelf: 200 NM or to the outer edge of the continental margin contiguous zone: 24 NM
Climate: | tropical; rainy season (June to December)
Terrain: | mostly plains with some hills and low mountains
Elevation extremes: | lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m highest point: El Cerro del Aripo 940 m
Natural resources: | petroleum, natural gas, asphalt
Land use: | arable land: 14.62% permanent crops: 9.16% other: 76.22% (1998 est.)
Irrigated land: | 30 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards: | outside usual path of hurricanes and other tropical storms
Environment - current issues: | water pollution from agricultural chemicals, industrial wastes, and raw sewage; oil pollution of beaches; deforestation; soil erosion
Environment - international agreements: | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note: | Pitch Lake, on Trinidad's southwestern coast, is the world's largest natural reservoir of asphalt
| People | Trinidad and Tobago | Top of Page
Population: | 1,104,209 (July 2003 est.)
Age structure: | 0-14 years: 22.2% (male 125,470; female 119,270) 15-64 years: 70% (male 402,137; female 370,600) 65 years and over: 7.9% (male 38,928; female 47,804) (2003 est.)
Median age: | total: 29.9 years male: 29.5 years female: 30.4 years (2002)
Population growth rate: | -0.68% (2003 est.)
Birth rate: | 12.74 births/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Death rate: | 8.71 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Net migration rate: | -10.79 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Sex ratio: | at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.09 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.81 male(s)/female total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2003 est.)
Infant mortality rate: | total: 24.97 deaths/1,000 live births female: 22.92 deaths/1,000 live births (2003 est.) male: 26.93 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth: | total population: 69.59 years male: 67.07 years female: 72.23 years (2003 est.)
Total fertility rate: | 1.78 children born/woman (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: | 2.5% (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: | 17,000 (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths: | 1,200 (2001 est.)
Nationality: | noun: Trinidadian(s), Tobagonian(s) adjective: Trinidadian, Tobagonian
Ethnic groups: | black 39.5%, East Indian (a local term - primarily immigrants from northern India) 40.3%, mixed 18.4%, white 0.6%, Chinese and other 1.2%
Religions: | Roman Catholic 29.4%, Hindu 23.8%, Anglican 10.9%, Muslim 5.8%, Presbyterian 3.4%, other 26.7%
Languages: | English (official), Hindi, French, Spanish, Chinese
Literacy: | definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 98.6% male: 99.1% female: 98% (2003 est.)
| Government | Trinidad and Tobago | Top of Page
Country name: | conventional long form: Republic of Trinidad and Tobago conventional short form: Trinidad and Tobago
Government type: | parliamentary democracy
Capital: | Port-of-Spain
Administrative divisions: | 8 counties, 3 municipalities*, and 1 ward**; Arima*, Caroni, Mayaro, Nariva, Port-of-Spain*, Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint Patrick, San Fernando*, Tobago**, Victoria
Independence: | 31 August 1962 (from UK)
National holiday: | Independence Day, 31 August (1962)
Constitution: | 1 August 1976
Legal system: | based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: | 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: | chief of state: President George Maxwell RICHARDS (since 17 March 2003) head of government: Prime Minister Patrick MANNING (since 24 December 2001) cabinet: Cabinet appointed from among the members of Parliament elections: president elected by an electoral college, which consists of the members of the Senate and House of Representatives, for a five-year term; election last held 14 February 2003 (next to be held NA 2008); the president usually appoints as prime minister the leader of the majority party in the House of Representatives election results: George Maxwell RICHARDS elected president; percent of electoral college vote - 43%
Legislative branch: | bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (31 seats; members appointed by the president for a maximum term of five years) and the House of Representatives (36 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: House of Representatives - last held 7 October 2002 (next to be held by October 2007) note: Tobago has a unicameral House of Assembly, with 15 members serving four-year terms election results: House of Representatives - percent of vote - PNM 55.5%, UNC 44.5%; seats by party - PNM 20, UNC 16
Judicial branch: | Supreme Court of Judicature (comprised of the High Court of Justice and the Court of Appeals; the chief justice is appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister and the leader of the opposition; other justices are appointed by the president on the advice of the Judicial and Legal Service Commission); High Court of Justice; Court of Appeals the highest court of appeal is the Privy Council in London
Political parties and leaders: | National Alliance for Reconstruction or NAR [Hochoy CHARLES]; People's Empowerment Party or PEP [leader NA]; People's National Movement or PNM [Patrick MANNING]; Team Unity or TUN [Ramesh MAHARAJ]; United National Congress or UNC [Basdeo PANDAY]
Political pressure groups and leaders: | Jamaat-al Musilmeen [Yasin BAKR]
International organization participation: | ACP, C, Caricom, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-24, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, LAES, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNU, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Marina Annette VALERE (as of February 2003) chancery: 1708 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 consulate(s) general: Miami and New York FAX: [1] (202) 785-3130 telephone: [1] (202) 467-6490
Diplomatic representation from the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Roy L. AUSTIN embassy: 15 Queen's Park West, Port-of-Spain mailing address: P. O. Box 752, Port-of-Spain telephone: [1] (868) 622-6372 through 6376, 622-6176 FAX: [1] (868) 628-5462
Flag description: | red with a white-edged black diagonal band from the upper hoist side to the lower fly side
| Economy | Trinidad and Tobago | Top of Page
Economy - overview: | Trinidad and Tobago has earned a reputation as an excellent investment site for international businesses. A leading performer the past four years has been the booming natural gas sector. Tourism is a growing sector, although not proportionately as important as in many other Caribbean islands. The economy benefits from low inflation and a trade surplus. The year 2002 was marked by solid growth in the oil sector, offset in part by domestic political uncertainty.
GDP: | purchasing power parity - $11.07 billion (2002 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: | 3.2% (2002 est.)
GDP - per capita: | purchasing power parity - $10,000 (2002 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: | agriculture: 1.6% industry: 43.2% services: 55.2% (2000 est.)
Population below poverty line: | 21% (1992 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: | lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): | 4.3% (2002 est.)
Labor force: | 564,000 (2000)
Labor force - by occupation: | construction and utilities 12.4%, manufacturing, mining, and quarrying 14%, agriculture 9.5%, services 64.1% (1997 est.)
Unemployment rate: | 10.8% (2002)
Budget: | revenues: $1.54 billion expenditures: $1.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $117.3 million (1998)
Industries: | petroleum, chemicals, tourism, food processing, cement, beverage, cotton textiles
Industrial production growth rate: | 2.6% (2002 est.)
Electricity - production: | 5.315 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - production by source: | fossil fuel: 99.8% hydro: 0% other: 0.2% (2001) nuclear: 0%
Electricity - consumption: | 4.943 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports: | 0 kWh (2001)
Electricity - imports: | 0 kWh (2001)
Oil - production: | 125,400 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - consumption: | 24,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - exports: | NA (2001)
Oil - imports: | NA (2001)
Oil - proved reserves: | 716 million bbl (37257)
Natural gas - production: | 15.19 billion cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - consumption: | 11.54 billion cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - exports: | 3.65 billion cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - imports: | 0 cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves: | 610.6 billion cu m (37257)
Agriculture - products: | cocoa, sugarcane, rice, citrus, coffee, vegetables; poultry
Exports: | $4.2 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Exports - commodities: | petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, steel products, fertilizer, sugar, cocoa, coffee, citrus, flowers
Exports - partners: | US 56.9%, Jamaica 7.3%, France 4.4% (2002)
Imports: | $3.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Imports - commodities: | machinery, transportation equipment, manufactured goods, food, live animals
Imports - partners: | US 42%, Cote d'Ivoire 5.5%, UK 5%, Japan 4.5%, Brazil 4.3% (2002)
Debt - external: | $2.8 billion (2002 est.)
Economic aid - recipient: | $24 million (1999 est.)
Currency: | Trinidad and Tobago dollar (TTD)
Currency code: | TTD
Exchange rates: | Trinidad and Tobago dollars per US dollar - 6.24 (2002), 6.23 (2001), 6.3 (2000), 6.3 (1999), 6.3 (1998)
Fiscal year: | 1 October - 30 September
| Communications | Trinidad and Tobago | Top of Page
Telephones - main lines in use: | 252,000 (1999)
Telephones - mobile cellular: | 17,411 (1997)
Telephone system: | general assessment: excellent international service; good local service domestic: NA international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); tropospheric scatter to Barbados and Guyana
Radio broadcast stations: | AM 2, FM 12, shortwave 0 (1998)
Television broadcast stations: | 4 (1997)
Internet country code: | .tt
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): | 17 (2000)
Internet users: | 120,000 (2002)
| Transportation | Trinidad and Tobago | Top of Page
Railways: | minimal agricultural railroad system near San Fernando; common carrier railway service was discontinued in 1968 (2001)
Highways: | total: 8,320 km paved: 4,252 km unpaved: 4,068 km (1999 est.)
Waterways: | none
Pipelines: | condensate 253 km; gas 1,117 km; oil 478 km (2003)
Ports and harbors: | Pointe-a-Pierre, Point Fortin, Point Lisas, Port-of-Spain, Scarborough, Tembladora
Merchant marine: | total: 5 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 7,032 GRT/5,106 DWT ships by type: cargo 1, passenger 1, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 1, short-sea passenger 1 note: includes a foreign-owned ship registered here as a flag of convenience: US 1 (2002 est.)
Airports: | 6 (2002)
Airports - with paved runways: | total: 3 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2002)
Airports - with unpaved runways: | total: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 2 (2002)
| Military | Trinidad and Tobago | Top of Page
Military branches: | Trinidad and Tobago Defense Force (including Ground Force, Coast Guard, and Air Wing), Trinidad and Tobago Police Service
Military manpower - availability: | males age 15-49: 327,823 (2003 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service: | males age 15-49: 233,488 (2003 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure: | $90 million (1999)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: | 1.4% (1999)
| Transnational Issues | Trinidad and Tobago | Top of Page
Disputes - international: | none
Illicit drugs: | transshipment point for South American drugs destined for the US and Europe; producer of cannabis
This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003