| Madagascar |  | Click to enlarge
| Introduction Geography People Government Economy Communications Transportation Military Transnational Issues |
Home Reference Maps Appendixes Print-Friendly Page
In general, information available as of 1 January 2003 was used in the preparation of The World Factbook 2003. This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003
Legend: Definition Field Listing Rank Order
| Introduction | Madagascar | Top of Page
Background: | Formerly an independent kingdom, Madagascar became a French colony in 1886, but regained its independence in 1960. During 1992-93, free presidential and National Assembly elections were held, ending 17 years of single-party rule. In 1997, in the second presidential race, Didier RATSIRAKA, the leader during the 1970s and 1980s, was returned to the presidency. The 2001 presidential election was contested between the followers of Didier RATSIRAKA and Marc RAVALOMANANA, nearly causing secession of half of the country. In April 2002, the High Constitutional Court announced RAVALOMANANA the winner.
| Geography | Madagascar | Top of Page
Location: | Southern Africa, island in the Indian Ocean, east of Mozambique
Geographic coordinates: | 20 00 S, 47 00 E
Map references: | Africa
Area: | total: 587,040 sq km water: 5,500 sq km land: 581,540 sq km
Area - comparative: | slightly less than twice the size of Arizona
Land boundaries: | 0 km
Coastline: | 4,828 km
Maritime claims: | contiguous zone: 24 NM territorial sea: 12 NM exclusive economic zone: 200 NM continental shelf: 200 NM or 100 NM from the 2,500-m deep isobath
Climate: | tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in south
Terrain: | narrow coastal plain, high plateau and mountains in center
Elevation extremes: | lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: Maromokotro 2,876 m
Natural resources: | graphite, chromite, coal, bauxite, salt, quartz, tar sands, semiprecious stones, mica, fish, hydropower
Land use: | arable land: 4.41% permanent crops: 0.93% other: 94.66% (1998 est.)
Irrigated land: | 10,900 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards: | periodic cyclones
Environment - current issues: | soil erosion results from deforestation and overgrazing; desertification; surface water contaminated with raw sewage and other organic wastes; several species of flora and fauna unique to the island are endangered
Environment - international agreements: | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note: | world's fourth-largest island; strategic location along Mozambique Channel
| People | Madagascar | Top of Page
Population: | 16,979,744 (July 2003 est.)
Age structure: | 0-14 years: 45% (male 3,822,823; female 3,807,958) 15-64 years: 51.9% (male 4,366,748; female 4,452,686) 65 years and over: 3.1% (male 243,411; female 286,118) (2003 est.)
Median age: | total: 17.4 years male: 17.2 years female: 17.6 years (2002)
Population growth rate: | 3.03% (2003 est.)
Birth rate: | 42.16 births/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Death rate: | 11.88 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Net migration rate: | 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Sex ratio: | at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/female total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2003 est.)
Infant mortality rate: | total: 80.21 deaths/1,000 live births female: 71.53 deaths/1,000 live births (2003 est.) male: 88.63 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth: | total population: 56.14 years male: 53.82 years female: 58.53 years (2003 est.)
Total fertility rate: | 5.73 children born/woman (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: | 0.3% (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: | 22,000 (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths: | 870 (2001 est.)
Nationality: | noun: Malagasy (singular and plural) adjective: Malagasy
Ethnic groups: | Malayo-Indonesian (Merina and related Betsileo), Cotiers (mixed African, Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry - Betsimisaraka, Tsimihety, Antaisaka, Sakalava), French, Indian, Creole, Comoran
Religions: | indigenous beliefs 52%, Christian 41%, Muslim 7%
Languages: | French (official), Malagasy (official)
Literacy: | definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 68.9% male: 75.5% female: 62.5% (2003 est.)
| Government | Madagascar | Top of Page
Country name: | conventional long form: Republic of Madagascar conventional short form: Madagascar local short form: Madagascar former: Malagasy Republic local long form: Republique de Madagascar
Government type: | republic
Capital: | Antananarivo
Administrative divisions: | 6 provinces (faritany); Antananarivo, Antsiranana, Fianarantsoa, Mahajanga, Toamasina, Toliara
Independence: | 26 June 1960 (from France)
National holiday: | Independence Day, 26 June (1960)
Constitution: | 19 August 1992 by national referendum
Legal system: | based on French civil law system and traditional Malagasy law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: | 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: | chief of state: President Marc RAVALOMANANA (since 6 May 2002) head of government: Prime Minister Jacques SYLLA (27 May 2002) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 16 December 2001 (next to be held NA November 2006); prime minister appointed by the president from a list of candidates nominated by the National Assembly election results: percent of vote - Didier RATSIRAKA (AREMA) 40.89%, Marc RAVALOMANANA 46.21%; note - on 29 April 2002, the High Constitutional Court announced RAVALOMANANA the winner by 51.5% after a recount; RATSIRIKA's prime minister was put under house arrest on 27 May 2002, and SYLLA was appointed the new prime minister by President RAVALOMANANA
Legislative branch: | unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (160 seats; members are directly elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms); note - the legislature is scheduled to become a bicameral Parliament with the establishment of a Senate; two-thirds of the seats of this Senate will be filled by regional assemblies whose members will be elected by popular vote; the remaining one-third of the seats will be appointed by the president; the total number of seats will be determined by the National Assembly; all members will serve four-year terms elections: National Assembly - last held 15 December 2002 (next to be held NA 2006) election results: National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - TIM 103, FP 22, AREMA 3, LEADER/Fanilo 2, RPSD 5, others 3, independents 22
Judicial branch: | Supreme Court or Cour Supreme; High Constitutional Court or Haute Cour Constitutionnelle
Political parties and leaders: | Association for the Rebirth of Madagascar or AREMA [leader vacant]; Economic Liberalism and Democratic Action for National Recovery or LEADER/Fanilo [Herizo RAZAFIMAHALEO]; I Love Madagascar or TIM [leader NA]; National Union or FP [leader NA]; Renewal of the Social Democratic Party or RPSD [Evariste MARSON]
Political pressure groups and leaders: | Federalist Movement; National Council of Christian Churches or FFKM
International organization participation: | ACCT, ACP, AfDB, ECA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, InOC, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Rajaonarivony NARISOA consulate(s) general: New York FAX: [1] (202) 483-7603 telephone: [1] (202) 265-5525, 5526 chancery: 2374 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
Diplomatic representation from the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Wanda L. NESBITT embassy: 14-16 Rue Rainitovo, Antsahavola, Antananarivo 101 mailing address: B. P. 620, Antsahavola, Antananarivo telephone: [261] (20) 22-212-57, 22-212-73, 22-209-56 FAX: [261] (20) 22-345-39
Flag description: | two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a vertical white band of the same width on hoist side
| Economy | Madagascar | Top of Page
Economy - overview: | Having discarded past socialist economic policies, Madagascar has since the mid 1990s followed a World Bank and IMF led policy of privatization and liberalization, which has placed the country on a slow and steady growth path. Agriculture, including fishing and forestry, is a mainstay of the economy, accounting for one-fourth of GDP and employing four-fifths of the population. Export earnings primarily are earned in the small industrial sector, which features textile manufacturing and agriculture processing. Deforestation and erosion, aggravated by the use of firewood as the primary source of fuel are serious concerns. The separatist political crisis of 2002 undermined macroeconomic stability, with the estimated drop in output being subject to a wide margin of error. Poverty reduction will be the centerpiece of economic policy for the next few years.
GDP: | purchasing power parity - $12.59 billion (2002)
GDP - real growth rate: | -11.9% (2002 est.)
GDP - per capita: | purchasing power parity - $800 (2002 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: | agriculture: 25% industry: 12% services: 63% (2001 est.)
Population below poverty line: | 71% (1999 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: | lowest 10%: 3% highest 10%: 29% (1999)
Distribution of family income - Gini index: | 38.1 (1999)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): | 7.4% (2001 est.)
Labor force: | 7.3 million (2000)
Unemployment rate: | 5.9% (1998)
Budget: | revenues: $553 million expenditures: $735 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1998 est.)
Industries: | meat processing, soap, breweries, tanneries, sugar, textiles, glassware, cement, automobile assembly plant, paper, petroleum, tourism
Industrial production growth rate: | 3% (2000 est.)
Electricity - production: | 830.2 million kWh (2001)
Electricity - production by source: | fossil fuel: 36.1% hydro: 63.9% other: 0% (2001) nuclear: 0%
Electricity - consumption: | 772.1 million kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports: | 0 kWh (2001)
Electricity - imports: | 0 kWh (2001)
Oil - production: | 0 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - consumption: | 13,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - exports: | NA (2001)
Oil - imports: | NA (2001)
Oil - proved reserves: | 0 bbl (37257)
Natural gas - proved reserves: | 0 cu m (37257)
Agriculture - products: | coffee, vanilla, sugarcane, cloves, cocoa, rice, cassava (tapioca), beans, bananas, peanuts; livestock products
Exports: | $700 million f.o.b. (2002)
Exports - commodities: | coffee, vanilla, shellfish, sugar; cotton cloth, chromite, petroleum products
Exports - partners: | France 34%, US 24.6%, Netherlands 6%, Germany 5.9%, Mauritius 4% (2002)
Imports: | $985 million f.o.b. (2002)
Imports - commodities: | capital goods, petroleum, consumer goods, food
Imports - partners: | France 17.2%, Iran 11%, Mauritius 10.6%, Bahrain 9.4%, Hong Kong 6.9%, South Africa 5.9%, China 4.1% (2002)
Debt - external: | $4.6 billion (2002)
Economic aid - recipient: | $838 million (1997)
Currency: | Malagasy franc (MGF)
Currency code: | MGF
Exchange rates: | Malagasy francs per US dollar - 6,831.96 (2002), 6,588.49 (2001), 6,767.48 (2000), 6,283.77 (1999), 5,441.4 (1998)
Fiscal year: | calendar year
| Communications | Madagascar | Top of Page
Telephones - main lines in use: | 55,000 (2000)
Telephones - mobile cellular: | 63,100 (2000)
Telephone system: | general assessment: system is above average for the region domestic: open-wire lines, coaxial cables, microwave radio relay, and tropospheric scatter links connect regions international: submarine cable to Bahrain; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region)
Radio broadcast stations: | AM 2 (plus a number of repeater stations), FM 9, shortwave 6 (2001)
Television broadcast stations: | 1 (plus 36 repeaters) (2001)
Internet country code: | .mg
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): | 2 (2000)
Internet users: | 35,000 (2002)
| Transportation | Madagascar | Top of Page
Railways: | total: 732 km narrow gauge: 732 km 1.000-m gauge (2002)
Highways: | total: 49,827 km paved: 5,780 km unpaved: 44,047 km (1999 est.)
Waterways: | of local importance only
Ports and harbors: | Antsiranana, Antsohimbondrona, Mahajanga, Toamasina, Toliara
Merchant marine: | total: 11 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 14,865 GRT/17,936 DWT ships by type: cargo 8, chemical tanker 1, roll on/roll off 2 (2002 est.)
Airports: | 121 (2002)
Airports - with paved runways: | total: 29 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 914 to 1,523 m: 20 under 914 m: 2 (2002)
Airports - with unpaved runways: | total: 92 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 46 under 914 m: 44 (2002)
| Military | Madagascar | Top of Page
Military branches: | People's Armed Forces (comprising Intervention Force, Development Force, Aeronaval [Navy and Air] Force), Gendarmerie, Presidential Security Regiment
Military manpower - military age: | 20 years of age (2003 est.)
Military manpower - availability: | males age 15-49: 3,880,332 (2003 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service: | males age 15-49: 2,300,587 (2003 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually: | males: 163,864 (2003 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure: | $52.3 million (FY02)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: | 1.2% (FY02)
| Transnational Issues | Madagascar | Top of Page
Disputes - international: | claims Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, and Juan de Nova Island (all administered by France)
Illicit drugs: | illicit producer of cannabis (cultivated and wild varieties) used mostly for domestic consumption; transshipment point for heroin
This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003