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In general, information available as of 1 January 2003 was used in the preparation of The World Factbook 2003. This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003
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| Introduction | Bangladesh | Top of Page
Background: | Bangladesh came into existence in 1971 when Bengali East Pakistan seceded from its union with West Pakistan. About a third of this extremely poor country floods annually during the monsoon rainy season, hampering economic development.
| Geography | Bangladesh | Top of Page
Location: | Southern Asia, bordering the Bay of Bengal, between Burma and India
Geographic coordinates: | 24 00 N, 90 00 E
Map references: | Asia
Area: | total: 144,000 sq km land: 133,910 sq km water: 10,090 sq km
Area - comparative: | slightly smaller than Iowa
Land boundaries: | total: 4,246 km border countries: Burma 193 km, India 4,053 km
Coastline: | 580 km
Maritime claims: | contiguous zone: 18 NM territorial sea: 12 NM continental shelf: up to the outer limits of the continental margin exclusive economic zone: 200 NM
Climate: | tropical; mild winter (October to March); hot, humid summer (March to June); humid, warm rainy monsoon (June to October)
Terrain: | mostly flat alluvial plain; hilly in southeast
Elevation extremes: | lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: Keokradong 1,230 m
Natural resources: | natural gas, arable land, timber, coal
Land use: | arable land: 60.7% permanent crops: 2.61% other: 36.69% (1998 est.)
Irrigated land: | 38,440 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards: | droughts, cyclones; much of the country routinely inundated during the summer monsoon season
Environment - current issues: | many people are landless and forced to live on and cultivate flood-prone land; water-borne diseases prevalent in surface water; water pollution, especially of fishing areas, results from the use of commercial pesticides; ground water contaminated by naturally occurring arsenic; intermittent water shortages because of falling water tables in the northern and central parts of the country; soil degradation and erosion; deforestation; severe overpopulation
Environment - international agreements: | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note: | most of the country is situated on deltas of large rivers flowing from the Himalayas: the Ganges unites with the Jamuna (main channel of the Brahmaputra) and later joins the Meghna to eventually empty into the Bay of Bengal
| People | Bangladesh | Top of Page
Population: | 138,448,210 (July 2003 est.)
Age structure: | 0-14 years: 34.1% (male 24,255,300; female 23,007,632) 15-64 years: 62.5% (male 44,261,739; female 42,281,331) 65 years and over: 3.4% (male 2,506,606; female 2,135,602) (2003 est.)
Median age: | total: 21.2 years male: 21.2 years female: 21.1 years (2002)
Population growth rate: | 2.06% (2003 est.)
Birth rate: | 29.9 births/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Death rate: | 8.63 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Net migration rate: | -0.72 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Sex ratio: | at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 1.17 male(s)/female total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2003 est.)
Infant mortality rate: | total: 66.08 deaths/1,000 live births female: 64.88 deaths/1,000 live births (2003 est.) male: 67.21 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth: | total population: 61.33 years male: 61.46 years female: 61.2 years (2003 est.)
Total fertility rate: | 3.17 children born/woman (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: | less than 0.1% (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: | 13,000 (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths: | 650 (2001 est.)
Nationality: | noun: Bangladeshi(s) adjective: Bangladeshi
Ethnic groups: | Bengali 98%, tribal groups, non-Bengali Muslims (1998)
Religions: | Muslim 83%, Hindu 16%, other 1% (1998)
Languages: | Bangla (official, also known as Bengali), English
Literacy: | definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 43.1% male: 53.9% female: 31.8% (2003 est.)
| Government | Bangladesh | Top of Page
Country name: | conventional long form: People's Republic of Bangladesh conventional short form: Bangladesh former: East Pakistan
Government type: | parliamentary democracy
Capital: | Dhaka
Administrative divisions: | 5 divisions; Barisal, Chittagong, Dhaka, Khulna, Rajshahi; note - there may be one additional division named Sylhet
Independence: | 16 December 1971 (from West Pakistan); note - 26 March 1971 is the date of independence from West Pakistan, 16 December 1971 is known as Victory Day and commemorates the official creation of the state of Bangladesh
National holiday: | Independence Day, 26 March (1971); note - 26 March 1971 is the date of independence from West Pakistan, 16 December 1971 is Victory Day and commemorates the official creation of the state of Bangladesh
Constitution: | 4 November 1972, effective 16 December 1972, suspended following coup of 24 March 1982, restored 10 November 1986, amended many times
Legal system: | based on English common law
Suffrage: | 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: | chief of state: President Iajuddin AHMED (since 6 September 2002); note - the president's duties are normally ceremonial, but with the 13th amendment to the constitution ("Caretaker Government Amendment"), the president's role becomes significant at times when Parliament is dissolved and a caretaker government is installed - at presidential direction - to supervise the elections head of government: Prime Minister Khaleda ZIA (since 10 October 2001) cabinet: Cabinet selected by the prime minister and appointed by the president elections: president elected by National Parliament for a five-year term; election scheduled for 16 September 2002 was not held since Iajuddin AHMED was the only presidential candidate; he was sworn in on 6 September 2002 (next election to be held by NA 2007); following legislative elections, the leader of the party that wins the most seats is usually appointed prime minister by the president election results: Iajuddin AHMED declared by the Election Commission elected unopposed as president; percent of National Parliament vote - NA%
Legislative branch: | unicameral National Parliament or Jatiya Sangsad; 300 seats elected by popular vote from single territorial constituencies (the constitutional amendment reserving 30 seats for women over and above the 300 regular parliament seats expired in May 2001); members serve five-year terms elections: last held 1 October 2001 (next to be held before October 2006) election results: percent of vote by party - BNP and alliance partners 46%, AL 42%; seats by party - BNP 191, AL 62, JI 18, JP (Ershad faction) 14, IOJ 2, JP (Naziur) 4, other 9; note - the election of October 2001 brought a majority BNP government aligned with three other smaller parties - Jamaat-i-Islami, Islami Oikya Jote, and Jatiya Party (Naziur)
Judicial branch: | Supreme Court (the chief justices and other judges are appointed by the president)
Political parties and leaders: | Awami League or AL [Sheikh HASINA]; Bangladesh Communist Party or BCP [Saifuddin Ahmed MANIK]; Bangladesh Nationalist Party or BNP [Khaleda ZIA, chairperson]; Islami Oikya Jote or IOJ [Mufti Fazlul Haq AMINI]; Jamaat-E-Islami or JI [Motiur Rahman NIZAMI]; Jatiya Party or JP (Ershad faction) [Hussain Mohammad ERSHAD]; Jatiya Party (Manzur faction) [Naziur Rahman MANZUR]
Political pressure groups and leaders: | NA
International organization participation: | AsDB, C, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM, OIC, OPCW, SAARC, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMEE, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNMISET, UNMOP, UNMOT, UNOMIG, UNU, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Syed Hasan AHMAD consulate(s) general: Los Angeles and New York FAX: [1] (202) 244-5366 telephone: [1] (202) 244-0183 chancery: 3510 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008
Diplomatic representation from the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Mary Ann PETERS embassy: Madani Avenue, Baridhara, Dhaka 1212 mailing address: G. P. O. Box 323, Dhaka 1000 telephone: [880] (2) 8824700 through 8824722 FAX: [880] (2) 8823744
Flag description: | green with a large red disk slightly to the hoist side of center; the red sun of freedom represents the blood shed to achieve independence; the green field symbolizes the lush countryside, and secondarily, the traditional color of Islam
| Economy | Bangladesh | Top of Page
Economy - overview: | Despite sustained domestic and international efforts to improve economic and demographic prospects, Bangladesh remains a poor, overpopulated, and ill-governed nation. Although half of GDP is generated through the service sector, nearly two-thirds of Bangladeshis are employed in the agriculture sector, with rice as the single-most-important product. Major impediments to growth include frequent cyclones and floods, inefficient state-owned enterprises, inadequate port facilities, a rapidly growing labor force that cannot be absorbed by agriculture, delays in exploiting energy resources (natural gas), insufficient power supplies, and slow implementation of economic reforms. Economic reform is stalled in many instances by political infighting and corruption at all levels of government. Progress also has been blocked by opposition from the bureaucracy, public sector unions, and other vested interest groups. The BNP government, led by Prime Minister Khaleda ZIA, has the parliamentary strength to push through needed reforms, but the party's political will to do so has been lacking in key areas.
GDP: | purchasing power parity - $238.2 billion (2002 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: | 4.8% (2002 est.)
GDP - per capita: | purchasing power parity - $1,800 (2002 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: | agriculture: 35% industry: 19% services: 46% (2001 est.)
Population below poverty line: | 35.6% (FY 95/96 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: | lowest 10%: 3.9% highest 10%: 28.6% (1995-96 est.)
Distribution of family income - Gini index: | 33.6 (FY 95/96)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): | 3.1% (2002 est.)
Labor force: | 64.1 million note: extensive export of labor to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, Oman, Qatar, and Malaysia; workers' remittances estimated at $1.71 billion in 1998-99 (1998)
Labor force - by occupation: | agriculture 63%, services 26%, industry 11% (FY 95/96)
Unemployment rate: | 40% (includes underemployment) (2002 est.)
Budget: | revenues: $4.9 billion expenditures: $6.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY99/00 est.)
Industries: | cotton textiles, jute, garments, tea processing, paper newsprint, cement, chemical fertilizer, light engineering, sugar
Industrial production growth rate: | 1.8% (2002 est.)
Electricity - production: | 15.33 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - production by source: | fossil fuel: 93.7% hydro: 6.3% other: 0% (2001) nuclear: 0%
Electricity - consumption: | 14.25 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports: | 0 kWh (2001)
Electricity - imports: | 0 kWh (2001)
Oil - production: | 3,581 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - consumption: | 71,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - exports: | NA (2001)
Oil - imports: | NA (2001)
Oil - proved reserves: | 28.45 million bbl (37257)
Natural gas - production: | 9.9 billion cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - consumption: | 9.9 billion cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - exports: | 0 cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - imports: | 0 cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves: | 150.3 billion cu m (37257)
Agriculture - products: | rice, jute, tea, wheat, sugarcane, potatoes, tobacco, pulses, oilseeds, spices, fruit; beef, milk, poultry
Exports: | $6.2 billion (2002)
Exports - commodities: | garments, jute and jute goods, leather, frozen fish and seafood (2001)
Exports - partners: | US 27.6%, Germany 10.4%, UK 9.8%, France 5.7%, Italy 4% (2002)
Imports: | $8.5 billion (2002)
Imports - commodities: | machinery and equipment, chemicals, iron and steel, textiles, foodstuffs, petroleum products, cement (2000)
Imports - partners: | India 14.6%, China 11.6%, Singapore 11.5%, Japan 7.6%, Hong Kong 5.4%, South Korea 4.3% (2002)
Debt - external: | $16.5 billion (2002)
Economic aid - recipient: | $1.575 billion (2000 est.)
Currency: | taka (BDT)
Currency code: | BDT
Exchange rates: | taka per US dollar - 57.89 (2002), 55.81 (2001), 52.14 (2000), 49.09 (1999), 46.91 (1998)
Fiscal year: | 1 July - 30 June
| Communications | Bangladesh | Top of Page
Telephones - main lines in use: | 500,000 (2000)
Telephones - mobile cellular: | 283,000 (2000)
Telephone system: | general assessment: totally inadequate for a modern country domestic: modernizing; introducing digital systems; trunk systems include VHF and UHF microwave radio relay links, and some fiber-optic cable in cities international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Indian Ocean); international radiotelephone communications and landline service to neighboring countries (2000)
Radio broadcast stations: | AM 12, FM 12, shortwave 2 (1999)
Television broadcast stations: | 15 (1999)
Internet country code: | .bd
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): | 10 (2000)
Internet users: | 150,000 (2002)
| Transportation | Bangladesh | Top of Page
Railways: | total: 2,706 km broad gauge: 884 km 1.676-m gauge narrow gauge: 1,822 km 1.000-m gauge (2002)
Highways: | total: 207,486 km paved: 19,773 km unpaved: 187,713 km (1999)
Waterways: | up to 8,046 km depending on season note: includes 3,058 km main cargo routes
Pipelines: | gas 2,016 km (2003)
Ports and harbors: | Chittagong, Dhaka, Mongla Port, Narayanganj
Merchant marine: | total: 40 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 314,437 GRT/436,465 DWT ships by type: bulk 2, cargo 23, container 11, passenger 1, petroleum tanker 2, refrigerated cargo 1 (2002 est.)
Airports: | 18 (2002)
Airports - with paved runways: | total: 15 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 6 (2002)
Airports - with unpaved runways: | total: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 under 914 m: 2 (2002)
| Military | Bangladesh | Top of Page
Military branches: | Army, Navy, Air Force, Coast Guard, paramilitary forces (includes Bangladesh Rifles, Bangladesh Ansars, Village Defense Parties, Armed Police Battalions, National Cadet Corps)
Military manpower - availability: | males age 15-49: 38,436,912 (2003 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service: | males age 15-49: 22,807,339 (2003 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure: | $559 million (FY96)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: | 1.8% (FY96)
| Transnational Issues | Bangladesh | Top of Page
Disputes - international: | discussions with India remain stalled to delimit a small section of river boundary, demarcate and fence the porous land boundary, exchange 162 miniscule enclaves, allocate divided villages, and stop illegal cross-border trade and violence; Bangladesh protests India's attempts to fence off high-traffic sections of the porous boundary; dispute with India over New Moore/South Talpatty Island in the Bay of Bengal prevents maritime boundary delimitation; Burmese Muslim refugees strain Bangladesh's meager resources
Illicit drugs: | transit country for illegal drugs produced in neighboring countries
This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003