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| Costa Rica |

Introduction | Costa Rica

Background: | Costa Rica is a Central American success story: since the late 19th century, only two brief periods of violence have marred its democratic development. Although still a largely agricultural country, it has expanded its economy to include strong technology and tourism sectors. The standard of living is relatively high. Land ownership is widespread.

Geography | Costa Rica

Location: | Middle America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Pacific Ocean, between Nicaragua and Panama
Geographic coordinates: | 10 00 N, 84 00 W
Map references: | Central America and the Caribbean
Area: | total: 51,100 sq km water: 440 sq km note: includes Isla del Coco land: 50,660 sq km
Area - comparative: | slightly smaller than West Virginia
Land boundaries: | total: 639 km border countries: Nicaragua 309 km, Panama 330 km
Coastline: | 1,290 km
Maritime claims: | continental shelf: 200 NM exclusive economic zone: 200 NM territorial sea: 12 NM
Climate: | tropical and subtropical; dry season (December to April); rainy season (May to November); cooler in highlands
Terrain: | coastal plains separated by rugged mountains including over 100 volcanic cones, of which several are major volcanoes
Elevation extremes: | lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m highest point: Cerro Chirripo 3,810 m
Natural resources: | hydropower
Land use: | arable land: 4.41% permanent crops: 5.48% other: 90.11% (1998 est.)
Irrigated land: | 1,260 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards: | occasional earthquakes, hurricanes along Atlantic coast; frequent flooding of lowlands at onset of rainy season and landslides; active volcanoes
Environment - current issues: | deforestation and land use change, largely a result of the clearing of land for cattle ranching and agriculture; soil erosion; coastal marine pollution; fisheries protection; solid waste management; air pollution
Environment - international agreements: | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Marine Life Conservation
Geography - note: | four volcanoes, two of them active, rise near the capital of San Jose in the center of the country; one of the volcanoes, Irazu, erupted destructively in 1963-65

People | Costa Rica

Population: | 3,896,092 (July 2003 est.)
Age structure: | 0-14 years: 30.1% (male 600,812; female 573,375) 15-64 years: 64.4% (male 1,269,667; female 1,241,097) 65 years and over: 5.4% (male 98,156; female 112,985) (2003 est.)
Median age: | total: 25.4 years male: 24.9 years female: 25.8 years (2002)
Population growth rate: | 1.56% (2003 est.)
Birth rate: | 19.4 births/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Death rate: | 4.31 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Net migration rate: | 0.51 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Sex ratio: | at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.87 male(s)/female total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2003 est.)
Infant mortality rate: | total: 10.56 deaths/1,000 live births female: 9.59 deaths/1,000 live births (2003 est.) male: 11.49 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth: | total population: 76.43 years male: 73.87 years female: 79.11 years (2003 est.)
Total fertility rate: | 2.38 children born/woman (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: | 0.6% (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: | 11,000 (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths: | 890 (2001 est.)
Nationality: | noun: Costa Rican(s) adjective: Costa Rican
Ethnic groups: | white (including mestizo) 94%, black 3%, Amerindian 1%, Chinese 1%, other 1%
Religions: | Roman Catholic 76.3%, Evangelical 13.7%, Jehovah's Witnesses 1.3%, other Protestant 0.7%, other 4.8%, none 3.2%
Languages: | Spanish (official), English
Literacy: | definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 96% male: 95.9% female: 96.1% (2003 est.)

Government | Costa Rica

Country name: | conventional long form: Republic of Costa Rica conventional short form: Costa Rica local short form: Costa Rica local long form: Republica de Costa Rica
Government type: | democratic republic
Capital: | San Jose
Administrative divisions: | 7 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Alajuela, Cartago, Guanacaste, Heredia, Limon, Puntarenas, San Jose
Independence: | 15 September 1821 (from Spain)
National holiday: | Independence Day, 15 September (1821)
Constitution: | 7 November 1949
Legal system: | based on Spanish civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: | 18 years of age; universal and compulsory
Executive branch: | chief of state: President Abel PACHECO (since 8 May 2002); First Vice President Lineth SABORIO (since NA May 2002); Second Vice President Luis FISHMAN (since NA May 2002); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government head of government: President Abel PACHECO (since 8 May 2002); First Vice President Lineth SABORIO (since NA May 2002); Second Vice President Luis FISHMAN (since NA May 2002); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government cabinet: Cabinet selected by the president elections: president and vice presidents elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 3 February 2002; run-off election held 7 April 2002 (next to be held NA February 2006) election results: Abel PACHECO elected president; percent of vote - Abel PACHECO (PUSC) 58%; Rolando ARAYA (PLN) 42%
Legislative branch: | unicameral Legislative Assembly or Asamblea Legislativa (57 seats; members are elected by direct, popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 3 February 2002 (next to be held 3 February 2006) election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PUSC 19, PLN 17, PAC 14, PML 6, PRC 1
Judicial branch: | Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (22 justices are elected for eight-year terms by the Legislative Assembly)
Political parties and leaders: | Agricultural Labor Action or PALA [Carlos Alberto SOLIS Blanco]; Citizen Action Party or PAC [Otton SOLIS]; Costa Rican Renovation Party or PRC [Justo OROZCO]; Democratic Force Party or PFD [Jose M. NUNEZ]; Libertarian Movement Party or PML [Otto GUEVARA Guth]; National Christian Alliance Party or ANC [Alejandro MADRIGAL]; National Independent Party or PNI [Jorge GONZALEZ Marten]; National Integration Party or PIN [Walter MUNOZ Cespedes]; National Liberation Party or PLN [Sonia PICADO]; Social Christian Unity Party or PUSC [Luis Manuel CHACON] note: mainly a two-party system - PUSC and PLN - until the 3 February 2002 election in which the PAC captured a significant percentage, forcing a run-off in April 2002
Political pressure groups and leaders: | Authentic Confederation of Democratic Workers or CATD (Communist Party affiliate); Chamber of Coffee Growers; Confederated Union of Workers or CUT (Communist Party affiliate); Costa Rican Confederation of Democratic Workers or CCTD (Liberation Party affiliate); Federation of Public Service Workers or FTSP; National Association for Economic Development or ANFE; National Association of Educators or ANDE; Rerum Novarum or CTRN (PLN affiliate) [Gilbert Brown]
International organization participation: | BCIE, CACM, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNU, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Jaime DAREMBLUM Rosenstein chancery: 2114 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Chicago, Denver, Durham (North Carolina), Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, Phoenix, San Antonio, San Francisco, St. Paul, and Tampa consulate(s): Austin FAX: [1] (202) 265-4795 telephone: [1] (202) 234-2945
Diplomatic representation from the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador John J. DANILOVICH embassy: Calle 120 Avenida O, Pavas, San Jose mailing address: APO AA 34020 telephone: [506] 220-3939 FAX: [506] 220-2305
Flag description: | five horizontal bands of blue (top), white, red (double width), white, and blue, with the coat of arms in a white elliptical disk on the hoist side of the red band; above the coat of arms a light blue ribbon contains the words, AMERICA CENTRAL, and just below it near the top of the coat of arms is a white ribbon with the words, REPUBLICA COSTA RICA

Economy | Costa Rica

Economy - overview: | Costa Rica's basically stable economy depends on tourism, agriculture, and electronics exports. Poverty has been substantially reduced over the past 15 years, and a strong social safety net has been put into place. At the same time, distribution of income remains severely unequal. Foreign investors remain attracted by the country's political stability and high education levels, and tourism continues to bring in foreign exchange. However, traditional export sectors have not kept pace. Low coffee prices and an overabundance of bananas have hurt the agricultural sector. The government continues to grapple with its large deficit and massive internal debt, with the need to modernize the state-owned electricity and telecommunications sector, and with the problem of bringing down inflation.
GDP: | purchasing power parity - $32 billion (2002 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: | 2.8% (2002 est.)
GDP - per capita: | purchasing power parity - $8,300 (2002 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: | agriculture: 9% industry: 30% services: 61% (2002 est.)
Population below poverty line: | 20.6% (1999 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: | lowest 10%: 1.7% highest 10%: 34.6% (2001)
Distribution of family income - Gini index: | 45.9 (1997)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): | 9.1% (2002 est.)
Labor force: | 1.9 million (1999)
Labor force - by occupation: | agriculture 20%, industry 22%, services 58% (1999 est.)
Unemployment rate: | 6.3% (2002 est.)
Budget: | revenues: $1.91 billion expenditures: $2.35 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Industries: | microprocessors, food processing, textiles and clothing, construction materials, fertilizer, plastic products
Industrial production growth rate: | 2.9% (2002 est.)
Electricity - production: | 6.839 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - production by source: | fossil fuel: 1.5% hydro: 81.9% other: 16.6% (2001) nuclear: 0%
Electricity - consumption: | 6.109 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports: | 379 million kWh (2001)
Electricity - imports: | 128 million kWh (2001)
Oil - production: | 0 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - consumption: | 37,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - exports: | NA (2001)
Oil - imports: | NA (2001)
Agriculture - products: | coffee, pineapples, bananas, sugar, corn, rice, beans, potatoes; beef; timber
Exports: | $5.1 billion (2002)
Exports - commodities: | coffee, bananas, sugar; pineapples; textiles, electronic components, medical equipment
Exports - partners: | US 31.5%, Netherlands 8.9%, UK 4.5% (2002)
Imports: | $6.4 billion (2002)
Imports - commodities: | raw materials, consumer goods, capital equipment, petroleum
Imports - partners: | US 36.7%, Japan 4.4%, Mexico 4.2% (2002)
Debt - external: | $4.8 billion (2002 est.)
Currency: | Costa Rican colon (CRC)
Currency code: | CRC
Exchange rates: | Costa Rican colones per US dollar - 359.82 (2002), 328.87 (2001), 308.19 (2000), 285.69 (1999), 257.23 (1998)
Fiscal year: | calendar year

Communications | Costa Rica

Telephones - main lines in use: | 450,000 (1998) note: 584,000 installed in 1997, but only about 450,000 were in use in 1998
Telephones - mobile cellular: | 143,000 (2000)
Telephone system: | general assessment: very good domestic telephone service domestic: point-to-point and point-to-multi-point microwave, fiber-optic, and coaxial cable link rural areas; Internet service is available international: connected to Central American Microwave System; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); two submarine cables (1999)
Radio broadcast stations: | AM 50, FM 43, shortwave 19 (1998)
Radios: | 980,000 (1997)
Television broadcast stations: | 6 (plus 11 repeaters) (1997)
Televisions: | 525,000 (1997)
Internet country code: | .cr
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): | 3 (of which only one is legal) (2000)
Internet users: | 384,000 (2002)

Transportation | Costa Rica

Railways: | total: 950 km narrow gauge: 950 km 1.067-m gauge (260 km electrified) (2002)
Highways: | total: 35,892 km paved: 7,896 km unpaved: 27,996 km (2000)
Waterways: | 730 km (seasonally navigable)
Pipelines: | refined products 421 km (2003)
Ports and harbors: | Caldera, Golfito, Moin, Puerto Limon, Puerto Quepos, Puntarenas
Merchant marine: | total: 1 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,716 GRT/ DWT ships by type: passenger 1 (2002 est.)
Airports: | 151 (2002)
Airports - with paved runways: | total: 30 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 19 under 914 m: 8 (2002)
Airports - with unpaved runways: | total: 121 914 to 1,523 m: 28 under 914 m: 93 (2002)

Military | Costa Rica

Military branches: | no regular indigenous military forces; Air Section, Ministry of Public Forces (Fuerza Publica)
Military manpower - military age: | 18 years of age (2003 est.)
Military manpower - availability: | males age 15-49: 1,080,254 (2003 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service: | males age 15-49: 722,043 (2003 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually: | males: 41,453 (2003 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure: | $69 million (FY99)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: | 1.6% (FY99)

Transnational Issues | Costa Rica

Disputes - international: | legal dispute over navigational rights of Rio San Juan on border with Nicaragua
Illicit drugs: | transshipment country for cocaine and heroin from South America; illicit production of cannabis on small, scattered plots; domestic cocaine consumption is rising, particularly crack cocaine

This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003