| Sierra Leone |  | Click to enlarge
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In general, information available as of 1 January 2003 was used in the preparation of The World Factbook 2003. This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003
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| Introduction | Sierra Leone | Top of Page
Background: | Since 1991, civil war between the government and the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) has resulted in tens of thousands of deaths and the displacement of more than 2 million people (well over one-third of the population), many of whom are now refugees in neighboring countries. After several setbacks, the end to the 11-year conflict in Sierra Leone may finally be near at hand. With the support of the UN peacekeeping force and contributions from the World Bank and international community, demobilization and disarmament of the RUF and Civil Defense Forces (CDF) combatants has been completed. National elections were held in May 2002 and the government continues to slowly reestablish its authority.
| Geography | Sierra Leone | Top of Page
Location: | Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Guinea and Liberia
Geographic coordinates: | 8 30 N, 11 30 W
Map references: | Africa
Area: | total: 71,740 sq km land: 71,620 sq km water: 120 sq km
Area - comparative: | slightly smaller than South Carolina
Land boundaries: | total: 958 km border countries: Guinea 652 km, Liberia 306 km
Coastline: | 402 km
Maritime claims: | contiguous zone: 24 NM territorial sea: 12 NM continental shelf: 200 NM exclusive economic zone: 200 NM
Climate: | tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to December); winter dry season (December to April)
Terrain: | coastal belt of mangrove swamps, wooded hill country, upland plateau, mountains in east
Elevation extremes: | lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: Loma Mansa (Bintimani) 1,948 m
Natural resources: | diamonds, titanium ore, bauxite, iron ore, gold, chromite
Land use: | arable land: 6.76% permanent crops: 0.78% other: 92.46% (1998 est.)
Irrigated land: | 290 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards: | dry, sand-laden harmattan winds blow from the Sahara (December to February); sandstorms, dust storms
Environment - current issues: | rapid population growth pressuring the environment; overharvesting of timber, expansion of cattle grazing, and slash-and-burn agriculture have resulted in deforestation and soil exhaustion; civil war depleting natural resources; overfishing
Environment - international agreements: | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification
Geography - note: | rainfall along the coast can reach 495 cm (195 inches) a year, making it one of the wettest places along coastal, western Africa
| People | Sierra Leone | Top of Page
Population: | 5,732,681 (July 2003 est.)
Age structure: | 0-14 years: 44.8% (male 1,259,421; female 1,310,516) 15-64 years: 52% (male 1,420,900; female 1,557,597) 65 years and over: 3.2% (male 89,078; female 95,169) (2003 est.)
Median age: | total: 17.5 years male: 17.2 years female: 17.8 years (2002)
Population growth rate: | 2.94% (2003 est.)
Birth rate: | 43.89 births/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Death rate: | 20.66 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Net migration rate: | 6.19 migrant(s)/1,000 population note: refugees currently in surrounding countries are slowly returning (2003 est.)
Sex ratio: | at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 0.96 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.91 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.94 male(s)/female total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2003 est.)
Infant mortality rate: | total: 146.86 deaths/1,000 live births female: 128.96 deaths/1,000 live births (2003 est.) male: 164.23 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth: | total population: 42.84 years male: 40.33 years female: 45.42 years (2003 est.)
Total fertility rate: | 5.86 children born/woman (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: | 7% (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: | 170,000 (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths: | 11,000 (2001 est.)
Nationality: | noun: Sierra Leonean(s) adjective: Sierra Leonean
Ethnic groups: | 20 native African tribes 90% (Temne 30%, Mende 30%, other 30%), Creole (Krio) 10% (descendants of freed Jamaican slaves who were settled in the Freetown area in the late-18th century), refugees from Liberia's recent civil war, small numbers of Europeans, Lebanese, Pakistanis, and Indians
Religions: | Muslim 60%, indigenous beliefs 30%, Christian 10%
Languages: | English (official, regular use limited to literate minority), Mende (principal vernacular in the south), Temne (principal vernacular in the north), Krio (English-based Creole, spoken by the descendants of freed Jamaican slaves who were settled in the Freetown area, a lingua franca and a first language for 10% of the population but understood by 95%)
Literacy: | definition: age 15 and over can read and write English, Mende, Temne, or Arabic total population: 31.4% male: 45.4% female: 18.2% (1995 est.)
| Government | Sierra Leone | Top of Page
Country name: | conventional long form: Republic of Sierra Leone conventional short form: Sierra Leone
Government type: | constitutional democracy
Capital: | Freetown
Administrative divisions: | 3 provinces and 1 area*; Eastern, Northern, Southern, Western*
Independence: | 27 April 1961 (from UK)
National holiday: | Independence Day, 27 April (1961)
Constitution: | 1 October 1991; subsequently amended several times
Legal system: | based on English law and customary laws indigenous to local tribes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: | 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: | chief of state: President Ahmad Tejan KABBAH (since 29 March 1996, reinstated 10 March 1998); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government head of government: President Ahmad Tejan KABBAH (since 29 March 1996, reinstated 10 March 1998); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government cabinet: Ministers of State appointed by the president with the approval of the House of Representatives; the cabinet is responsible to the president elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 14 May 2002 (next to be held NA May 2007); note - president's tenure of office is limited to two five-year terms election results: Ahmad Tejan KABBAH reelected president; percent of vote - Ahmad Tejan KABBAH (SLPP) 70.6%, Ernest KOROMA (APC) 22.4%
Legislative branch: | unicameral Parliament (124 seats - 112 elected by popular vote, 12 filled by paramount chiefs elected in separate elections; members serve five-year terms) elections: last held 14 May 2002 (next to be held NA May 2007) election results: percent of vote by party - SLPP 70.06%, APC 22.35%, PLP 3%, others 4.59%; seats by party - SLPP 83, APC 27, PLP 2
Judicial branch: | Supreme Court; Appeals Court; High Court
Political parties and leaders: | All People's Congress or APC [Alhaji Sat KOROMA, interim chairman]; Citizens United for Peace and Progress or CUPP [Alfred Musa CONTEH, interim chairman]; Coalition for Progress Party or CPP [Jeridine WILLIAM-SARHO, interim leader]; Democratic Center Party or DCP [Adu Aiah KOROMA]; Democratic Labor Party or DLP [George E. L. PALMER]; Democratic Party or DP [Henry BALO, acting chairman]; National Alliance Democratic Party or NADP [Mohamed Yahya SILLAH, chairman]; National Democratic Alliance or NDA [Amadu M. B. JALLOH]; National People's Party or NPP [Andrew TURAY]; National Republican Party or NRP [Stephen Sahr MAMBU]; National Unity Movement or NUM [Sam LEIGH, interim chairman]; National Unity Party or NUP [John BENJAMINE, interim leader]; Peace and Liberation Party or PLP [Darlington MORRISON, interim chairman]; People's Democratic Alliance or PDA [Cpl. (Ret.) Abdul Rahman KAMARA, interim chairman]; People's Democratic Party or PDP [Osman KAMARA]; People's National Convention or PNC [Edward John KARGBO]; People's Progressive Party or PPP [Abass Chernok BUNDU, chairman]; Revolutionary United Front Party or RUFP [Foday Saybana SANKOH, chairman]; Social Democratic Party or SDP [Andrew Victor LUNGAY]; Sierra Leone People's Party or SLPP [Ahmad Tejan KABBAH, chairman]; United National People's Party or UNPP [John KAREFA-SMART in exile, Raymond KAMARA, acting leader]; Young People's Party or YPP [Cornelius DEVEAUS, interim chairman]
Political pressure groups and leaders: | Trade Unions and Student Unions
International organization participation: | ACP, AfDB, C, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, OPCW (signatory), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Ibrahim M. KAMARA FAX: [1] (202) 483-1793 telephone: [1] (202) 939-9261 through 9263 chancery: 1701 19th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009
Diplomatic representation from the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Peter Russell CHAVEAS embassy: Corner of Walpole and Siaka Stevens Streets, Freetown mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: [232] (22) 226481 through 226485 FAX: [232] (22) 225471
Flag description: | three equal horizontal bands of light green (top), white, and light blue
| Economy | Sierra Leone | Top of Page
Economy - overview: | Sierra Leone is an extremely poor African nation with tremendous inequality in income distribution. It does have substantial mineral, agricultural, and fishery resources. However, the economic and social infrastructure is not well developed, and serious social disorders continue to hamper economic development, following a 11-year civil war. About two-thirds of the working-age population engages in subsistence agriculture. Manufacturing consists mainly of the processing of raw materials and of light manufacturing for the domestic market. Plans continue to reopen bauxite and rutile mines shut down during the conflict. The major source of hard currency consists of the mining of diamonds. The fate of the economy depends upon the maintenance of domestic peace and the continued receipt of substantial aid from abroad, which is essential to offset the severe trade imbalance and to supplement government revenues.
GDP: | purchasing power parity - $2.826 billion (2002 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: | 6.6% (2002 est.)
GDP - per capita: | purchasing power parity - $500 (2002 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: | agriculture: 49% industry: 31% services: 21% (2001 est.)
Population below poverty line: | 68% (1989 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: | lowest 10%: 0.5% highest 10%: 43.6% (1989)
Distribution of family income - Gini index: | 62.9 (1989)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): | 1% (2002 est.)
Labor force: | 1.369 million (1981 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: | agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%
Unemployment rate: | NA%
Budget: | revenues: $96 million expenditures: $351 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Industries: | mining (diamonds); small-scale manufacturing (beverages, textiles, cigarettes, footwear); petroleum refining
Industrial production growth rate: | NA%
Electricity - production: | 250.1 million kWh (2001)
Electricity - production by source: | fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% other: 0% (2001) nuclear: 0%
Electricity - consumption: | 232.6 million kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports: | 0 kWh (2001)
Electricity - imports: | 0 kWh (2001)
Oil - production: | 0 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - consumption: | 6,500 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - exports: | NA (2001)
Oil - imports: | NA (2001)
Agriculture - products: | rice, coffee, cocoa, palm kernels, palm oil, peanuts; poultry, cattle, sheep, pigs; fish
Exports: | $35 million f.o.b. (2000 est.)
Exports - commodities: | diamonds, rutile, cocoa, coffee, fish (1999)
Exports - partners: | Belgium 41.9%, Germany 28.1%, UK 3.6% (2002)
Imports: | $190 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Imports - commodities: | foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, fuels and lubricants, chemicals (1995)
Imports - partners: | Germany 25%, UK 10.9%, Netherlands 7.5%, US 5.7%, Cote d'Ivoire 4.9%, Italy 4.3% (2002)
Debt - external: | $1.5 billion (2002 est.)
Economic aid - recipient: | $103 million (2001 est.)
Currency: | leone (SLL)
Currency code: | SLL
Exchange rates: | leones per US dollar - 2,099.03 (2002), 1,986.15 (2001), 2,092.12 (2000), 1,804.19 (1999), 1,563.62 (1998)
Fiscal year: | calendar year
| Communications | Sierra Leone | Top of Page
Telephones - main lines in use: | 25,000 (2001)
Telephones - mobile cellular: | 30,000 (2001)
Telephone system: | general assessment: marginal telephone and telegraph service domestic: the national microwave radio relay trunk system connects Freetown to Bo and Kenema international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: | AM 1, FM 9, shortwave 1 (1999)
Television broadcast stations: | 2 (1999)
Internet country code: | .sl
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): | 1 (2001)
Internet users: | 20,000 (2001)
| Transportation | Sierra Leone | Top of Page
Railways: | total: 84 km narrow gauge: 84 km 1.067-m gauge note: Sierra Leone has no common carrier railroads; the existing railroad is private and used on a limited basis while the mine at Marampa is closed (2001)
Highways: | total: 11,330 km paved: 895 km unpaved: 10,435 km (1999)
Waterways: | 800 km (of which 600 km is navigable year round)
Ports and harbors: | Bonthe, Freetown, Pepel
Merchant marine: | total: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 7,435 GRT/8,750 DWT ships by type: cargo 2
Airports: | 10 (2002)
Airports - with paved runways: | total: 1 over 3,047 m: 1 (2002)
Airports - with unpaved runways: | total: 9 under 914 m: 2 (2002) 914 to 1,523 m: 7
Heliports: | 2 (2002)
| Military | Sierra Leone | Top of Page
Military branches: | Army (RSLAF)
Military manpower - availability: | males age 15-49: 1,228,664 (2003 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service: | males age 15-49: 596,617 (2003 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure: | $10.26 million (FY02)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: | 1.5% (FY02)
| Transnational Issues | Sierra Leone | Top of Page
Disputes - international: | large UN peacekeeping presence ended civil war but rebel gang fighting, ethnic rivalries, illegal diamond trading, corruption, and refugees spill over into neighboring states beset with their own civil disorder, refugees, and violence
This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003