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In general, information available as of 1 January 2003 was used in the preparation of The World Factbook 2003. This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003
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| Introduction | Somalia | Top of Page
Background: | The SIAD BARRE regime was ousted in January 1991; turmoil, factional fighting, and anarchy have followed for twelve years. In May of 1991, northern clans declared an independent Republic of Somaliland that now includes the administrative regions of Awdal, Woqooyi Galbeed, Togdheer, Sanaag, and Sool. Although not recognized by any government, this entity has maintained a stable existence, aided by the overwhelming dominance of a ruling clan and economic infrastructure left behind by British, Russian, and American military assistance programs. The regions of Bari and Nugaal and northern Mudug comprise a neighboring self-declared autonomous state of Puntland, which has been self-governing since 1998, but does not aim at independence; it has also made strides towards reconstructing a legitimate, representative government, but has suffered civil strife in 2002. Puntland disputes its border with Somaliland as it also claims portions of eastern Sool and Sanaag. Beginning in 1993, a two-year UN humanitarian effort (primarily in the south) was able to alleviate famine conditions, but when the UN withdrew in 1995, having suffered significant casualties, order still had not been restored. The mandate of the Transitional National Government (TNG), created in August 2000 in Arta, Djibouti, expires in August 2003 and a new interim government was being created at peace talks held in Kenya. Numerous warlords and factions are still fighting for control of Mogadishu and the other southern regions. Suspicion of Somali links with global terrorism further complicates the picture.
| Geography | Somalia | Top of Page
Location: | Eastern Africa, bordering the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean, east of Ethiopia
Geographic coordinates: | 10 00 N, 49 00 E
Map references: | Africa
Area: | total: 637,657 sq km water: 10,320 sq km land: 627,337 sq km
Area - comparative: | slightly smaller than Texas
Land boundaries: | total: 2,340 km border countries: Djibouti 58 km, Ethiopia 1,600 km, Kenya 682 km
Coastline: | 3,025 km
Maritime claims: | territorial sea: 200 NM
Climate: | principally desert; December to February - northeast monsoon, moderate temperatures in north and very hot in south; May to October - southwest monsoon, torrid in the north and hot in the south, irregular rainfall, hot and humid periods (tangambili) between monsoons
Terrain: | mostly flat to undulating plateau rising to hills in north
Elevation extremes: | lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: Shimbiris 2,416 m
Natural resources: | uranium and largely unexploited reserves of iron ore, tin, gypsum, bauxite, copper, salt, natural gas, likely oil reserves
Land use: | arable land: 1.66% permanent crops: 0.04% other: 98.3% (1998 est.)
Irrigated land: | 2,000 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards: | recurring droughts; frequent dust storms over eastern plains in summer; floods during rainy season
Environment - current issues: | famine; use of contaminated water contributes to human health problems; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification
Environment - international agreements: | party to: Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban
Geography - note: | strategic location on Horn of Africa along southern approaches to Bab el Mandeb and route through Red Sea and Suez Canal
| People | Somalia | Top of Page
Population: | 8,025,190 note: this estimate was derived from an official census taken in 1975 by the Somali Government; population counting in Somalia is complicated by the large number of nomads and by refugee movements in response to famine and clan warfare (July 2003 est.)
Age structure: | 0-14 years: 44.8% (male 1,802,154; female 1,792,749) 15-64 years: 52.5% (male 2,120,934; female 2,093,699) 65 years and over: 2.7% (male 93,682; female 121,972) (2003 est.)
Median age: | total: 17.6 years male: 17.6 years female: 17.6 years (2002)
Population growth rate: | 3.43% (2003 est.)
Birth rate: | 46.42 births/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Death rate: | 17.64 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Net migration rate: | 5.56 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Sex ratio: | at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female total population: 1 male(s)/female (2003 est.)
Infant mortality rate: | total: 120.34 deaths/1,000 live births female: 110.56 deaths/1,000 live births (2003 est.) male: 129.84 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth: | total population: 47.34 years male: 45.67 years female: 49.05 years (2003 est.)
Total fertility rate: | 6.98 children born/woman (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: | 1% (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: | 43,000 (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths: | NA
Nationality: | noun: Somali(s) adjective: Somali
Ethnic groups: | Somali 85%, Bantu and other non-Somali 15% (including Arabs 30,000)
Religions: | Sunni Muslim
Languages: | Somali (official), Arabic, Italian, English
Literacy: | definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 37.8% male: 49.7% female: 25.8% (2001 est.)
| Government | Somalia | Top of Page
Country name: | conventional long form: none conventional short form: Somalia former: Somali Republic, Somali Democratic Republic
Government type: | no permanent national government; transitional, parliamentary national government
Capital: | Mogadishu
Administrative divisions: | 18 regions (plural - NA, singular - gobolka); Awdal, Bakool, Banaadir, Bari, Bay, Galguduud, Gedo, Hiiraan, Jubbada Dhexe, Jubbada Hoose, Mudug, Nugaal, Sanaag, Shabeellaha Dhexe, Shabeellaha Hoose, Sool, Togdheer, Woqooyi Galbeed
Independence: | 1 July 1960 (from a merger of British Somaliland, which became independent from the UK on 26 June 1960, and Italian Somaliland, which became independent from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship on 1 July 1960, to form the Somali Republic)
National holiday: | Foundation of the Somali Republic, 1 July (1960); note - 26 June (1960) in Somaliland
Constitution: | 25 August 1979, presidential approval 23 September 1979 note: the Transitional National Government formed in August 2000 has a mandate to create a new constitution and hold elections within three years
Legal system: | no national system; Shari'a and secular courts are in some localities
Suffrage: | 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: | chief of state: ABDIKASSIM Salad Hassan (since 26 August 2000); note - as of December 2002, there was no executive branch in southern Somalia; Interim President ABDIKASSIM was chosen for a three-year term by a 245-member National Assembly serving as a transitional government but has little power and was due to leave office in August 2003; the political situation, particularly in the south, with interclan fighting and random banditry, remains fluid election results: ABDIKASSIM Salad Hassan was elected president of an interim government at the Djibouti-sponsored Arta Peace Conference on 26 August 2000 by a broad representation of Somali clans that comprised a transitional National Assembly head of government: Prime Minister HASSAN Abshir Farah (since 12 November 2001) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister and sworn in on 20 October 2000; as of 1 January 2002, the Cabinet was in caretaker status following a no-confidence vote in October 2001 that ousted HASSAN's predecessor
Legislative branch: | unicameral National Assembly note: fledgling parliament; a transitional 245-member National Assembly began to meet on 13 August 2000 in the town of Arta, Djibouti and is now based in Mogadishu
Judicial branch: | following the breakdown of national government, most regions have reverted to either Islamic (Shari'a) law with a provision for appeal of all sentences, or traditional clan-based arbitration
Political parties and leaders: | none
Political pressure groups and leaders: | numerous clan and subclan factions are currently vying for power
International organization participation: | ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO (observer)
Diplomatic representation in the US: | Somalia does not have an embassy in the US (ceased operations on 8 May 1991); note - the TNG and other factions have representatives in Washington and at the United Nations
Diplomatic representation from the US: | the US does not have an embassy in Somalia; US interests are represented by the US Embassy in Nairobi, Kenya at Mombasa Road; mailing address: P. O. Box 30137, Unit 64100, Nairobi; APO AE 09831; telephone: [254] (2) 537800; FAX [254] (2) 537810
Flag description: | light blue with a large white five-pointed star in the center; blue field influenced by the flag of the UN
Government - note: | although an interim government was created in 2000 other governing bodies continue to exist and control various cities and regions of the country, including Somaliland, Puntland, and traditional clan and faction strongholds
| Economy | Somalia | Top of Page
Economy - overview: | Somalia's economic fortunes are being driven by its deep political divisions. The northern area has declared its independence as "Somaliland"; the central area, Puntland, is a self-declared autonomous state; and the remaining southern portion is riddled with the struggles of rival factions. Economic life continues, in part because much activity is local and relatively easily protected. Agriculture is the most important sector, with livestock normally accounting for about 40% of GDP and about 65% of export earnings, but Saudi Arabia's recent ban on Somali livestock, because of Rift Valley Fever concerns, has severely hampered the sector. Nomads and semi-nomads, who are dependent upon livestock for their livelihood, make up a large portion of the population. Livestock, hides, fish, charcoal, and bananas are Somalia's principal exports, while sugar, sorghum, corn, qat, and machined goods are the principal imports. Somalia's small industrial sector, based on the processing of agricultural products, has largely been looted and sold as scrap metal. Despite the seeming anarchy, Somalia's service sector has managed to survive and grow. Telecommunication firms provide wireless services in most major cities and offer the lowest international call rates on the continent. In the absence of a formal banking sector, money exchange services have sprouted throughout the country, handling between $200 million and $500 million in remittances annually. Mogadishu's main market offers a variety of goods from food to the newest electronic gadgets. Hotels continue to operate, and security is provided by militias. The ongoing civil disturbances and clan rivalries, however, have interfered with any broad-based economic development and international aid arrangements. In 2002 Somalia's overdue financial obligations to the IMF continued to grow.
GDP: | purchasing power parity - $4.27 billion (2001 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: | 3.5% (2002 est.)
GDP - per capita: | purchasing power parity - $600 (2002 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: | agriculture: 65% industry: 10% services: 25% (2000 est.)
Population below poverty line: | NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share: | lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): | over 100% (businesses print their own money)
Labor force: | 3.7 million (very few are skilled laborers)
Labor force - by occupation: | agriculture (mostly pastoral nomadism) 71%, industry and services 29%
Unemployment rate: | NA%
Budget: | revenues: $NA expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Industries: | a few light industries, including sugar refining, textiles, petroleum refining (mostly shut down), wireless communication
Industrial production growth rate: | NA%
Electricity - production: | 245.1 million kWh (2001)
Electricity - production by source: | fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% other: 0% (2001) nuclear: 0%
Electricity - consumption: | 227.9 million kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports: | 0 kWh (2001)
Electricity - imports: | 0 kWh (2001)
Oil - production: | 0 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - consumption: | 4,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - exports: | NA (2001)
Oil - imports: | NA (2001)
Oil - proved reserves: | 0 bbl (37257)
Natural gas - proved reserves: | 2.832 billion cu m (37257)
Agriculture - products: | cattle, sheep, goats; bananas, sorghum, corn, coconuts, rice, sugarcane, mangoes, sesame seeds, beans; fish
Exports: | $126 million f.o.b. (2001 est.)
Exports - commodities: | livestock, bananas, hides, fish, charcoal, scrap metal
Exports - partners: | UAE 45.6%, Yemen 24.3%, Oman 9.5% (2002)
Imports: | $343 million f.o.b. (2001 est.)
Imports - commodities: | manufactures, petroleum products, foodstuffs, construction materials, qat
Imports - partners: | Djibouti 29.8%, Kenya 13.6%, Brazil 10.5%, Thailand 4.7%, UK 4.4%, UAE 4.3% (2002)
Debt - external: | $2.6 billion (2000 est.)
Economic aid - recipient: | $60 million (1999 est.)
Currency: | Somali shilling (SOS)
Currency code: | SOS
Exchange rates: | Somali shillings per US dollar - 11,000 (November 2000), 2,620 (January 1999), 7,500 (November 1997 est.), 7,000 (January 1996 est.), 5,000 (1 January 1995) note: the Republic of Somaliland, a self-declared independent country not recognized by any foreign government, issues its own currency, the Somaliland shilling
Fiscal year: | NA
| Communications | Somalia | Top of Page
Telephones - main lines in use: | 15,000 (2000)
Telephones - mobile cellular: | NA
Telephone system: | general assessment: the public telecommunications system was almost completely destroyed or dismantled by the civil war factions; private wireless companies offer service in most major cities and charge the lowest international rates on the continent domestic: local cellular telephone systems have been established in Mogadishu and in several other population centers international: international connections are available from Mogadishu by satellite
Radio broadcast stations: | AM 0, FM 11, shortwave 1 in Mogadishu; 1 FM in Puntland, 1 FM in Somaliland (2001)
Television broadcast stations: | 4 note: two in Mogadishu; two in Hargeisa (2001)
Internet country code: | .so
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): | 3 (one each in Boosaaso, Hargeisa, and Mogadishu) (2000)
Internet users: | 200 (2000)
| Transportation | Somalia | Top of Page
Railways: | 0 km
Highways: | total: 22,100 km paved: 2,608 km unpaved: 19,492 km (1999 est.)
Waterways: | none
Pipelines: | crude oil 15 km
Ports and harbors: | Boosaaso, Berbera, Chisimayu (Kismaayo), Merca, Mogadishu
Merchant marine: | none (2002 est.)
Airports: | 60 (2002)
Airports - with paved runways: | total: 6 over 3,047 m: 4 2438 to 3047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2002)
Airports - with unpaved runways: | total: 54 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 18 914 to 1,523 m: 30 under 914 m: 3 (2002)
| Military | Somalia | Top of Page
Military branches: | A Somali National Army was attempted under the interim government; numerous factions and clans maintain independent militias, and the Somaliland and Puntland regional governments maintain their own security and police forces
Military manpower - availability: | males age 15-49: 1,942,244 (2003 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service: | males age 15-49: 1,072,689 (2003 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure: | $17.1 million (FY02)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: | 0.9% (FY02)
| Transnational Issues | Somalia | Top of Page
Disputes - international: | "Somaliland" secessionists provide port facilities to land-locked Ethiopia and establish commercial ties with regional states; "Puntland" secessionists clash with "Somaliland" secessionists to establish territorial limits and clan loyalties, each seeking support from neighboring states; Ethiopia maintains only an administrative line with the Oromo region of southern Somalia and maintains alliances with local Somali clans opposed to the unrecognized Transitional National Government in Mogadishu
This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003